Washington University School of Medicine

Brad Racette, MD

Dr. Racette is Professor and Vice Chairman of Neurology

Medical Training

Dr. Racette received his A.B. in 1988 in Molecular Biology from Princeton University. He graduated from Northwestern University Medical School in 1992. Following an internship at Northwestern Memorial Hospital in Chicago, IL, he completed residency training in Neurology at Barnes Hospital (Washington University School of Medicine). He completed a fellowship in Movement Disorders at Washington University School of Medicine in 1998 and was appointed to the faculty as an Assistant Professor of Neurology in 1998. Dr. Racette is a member of the American Academy of Neurology, the Movement Disorders Society, the Parkinson's Study Group, and the Huntington's Study Group. He serves on the medical advisory board of the St. Louis chapter of the American Parkinson's Disease Association the Missouri chapter of the Dystonia Medical Research Foundation. He has been elected to the American Neurologic Association and named a fellow in the American Academy of Neurology.

Licensure: Diplomate, National Board of Medical Examiners Missouri Board of the Healing Arts Diplomate, American Board of Neurology & Psychiatry.

Clinical Expertise

Dr. Racette's clinical practice focuses primarily on management of Parkinson disease and performing botulinum toxin injections for patients with dystonia and children with cerebral palsy.

Research Interest

My research laboratory focuses on the environmental epidemiology of Parkinson disease. The primary areas of research in our laboratory include a worksite based studies of parkinsonism in welders, imaging biomarkers of parkinsonism in Mn exposed workers, neuropathology of chronic Mn exposure, and geographic information systems research into demographic and environmental risk factors for Parkinson disease.

Selected Publications

Abstracts of recently published manuscripts:

Validity and reliability of an occupational exposure questionnaire for parkinsonism in welders

This study assessed the validity and test-retest reliability of a medical and occupational history questionnaire for workers performing welding in the shipyard industry. This self-report questionnaire was developed for an epidemiologic study of the risk of parkinsonism in welders. Validity participants recruited from three similar shipyards were asked to give consent for access to personnel files and complete the questionnaire. Responses on the questionnaire were compared with information extracted from personnel records. Reliability participants were recruited from the same shipyards and were asked to complete the questionnaire at two different times approximately 4 weeks apart. Percent agreement, kappa, intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), and sensitivity and specificity were used as measures of validity and/or reliability. Personnel files were obtained for 101 of 143 participants (70%) in the validity study, and 56 of the 95 (58.9%) participants in the reliability study completed the retest of the questionnaire. Validity scores for items extracted from personnel files were high. Percent agreement for employment dates and job titles ranged from 83-100%, while ICC for start and stop dates ranged from 0.93-0.99. Sensitivity and specificity for current job title ranged from 0.5-1.0. Reliability scores for demographic, medical and health behavior items were mainly moderate or high, but ranged from 0.19 to 1.0. Most recent job/title items such as title, types of welding performed, and material used showed substantial to perfect agreement. Certain determinants of exposure such as days and hours per week exposed to welding fumes demonstrated mainly moderate agreement (kappa= 0.42-0.47, percent agreement 63-77%); however, mean days and hours reported did not differ between test and retest. The results of this study suggest that participants' self-report for job title and dates employed are valid compared with employer records. While kappa scores were low for some medical conditions and for caffeine consumption, high kappa scores for job title, dates worked, types of welding, and materials welded suggest participants generated reproducible answers important for occupational exposure assessment.

Geographic and Ethnic Variation in Parkinson Disease: A Population-Based Study of US Medicare Beneficiaries

Background: Parkinson disease is a common neurodegenerative disease. The racial, sex, age, and geographic distributions of Parkinson disease in the US are unknown. Methods: We performed a serial cross-sectional study of US Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older from the years 1995, and 2000-2005. Using over 450,000 Parkinson disease cases per year, we calculated Parkinson disease prevalence and annual incidence by race, age, sex, and county. Spatial analysis investigated the geographic distribution of Parkinson disease. Results: Age-standardized Parkinson disease prevalence (per 100,000) was 2,168.18 ( 8 95.64) in White men, but 1,036.41 ( 8 86.01) in Blacks, and 1,138.56 ( 8 46.47) in Asians. The incidence ratio in Blacks as compared to Whites (0.74; 95% CI = 0.732-0.748) was higher than the prevalence ratio (0.58; 95% CI = 0.575-0.581), whereas the incidence ratio for
Asians (0.69; 95% CI = 0.657-0.723) was similar to the prevalence ratio (0.62; 95% CI = 0.617-0.631). Bayesian mapping of Parkinson disease revealed a concentration in the Midwest and Northeast regions. Mean county incidence by quartile ranged from 279 to 3,111, and prevalence from 1,175 to 13,800 (per 100,000). Prevalence and incidence in urban counties were greater than in rural ones (p <0.01). Cluster analysis supported a nonrandom distribution of both incident and prevalent Parkinson disease cases (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Parkinson disease is substantially more common in Whites, and is nonrandomly distributed in the Midwest and Northeastern US.

Metal Emissions and Urban Incident Parkinson Disease: A Community Health Study of Medicare Beneficiaries by Using Geographic Information Systems

Parkinson disease associated with farming and exposure to agricultural chemicals has been reported in numerous studies; little is known about Parkinson disease risk factors for those living in urban areas. The authors investigated the relation between copper, lead, or manganese emissions and Parkinson disease incidence in the urban United States, studying 29 million Medicare beneficiaries in the year 2003. Parkinson disease incidence was determined by using beneficiaries who had not changed residence since 1995. Over 35,000 nonmobile incident arkinson disease cases, diagnosed by a neurologist, were identified for analysis. Age-, race-, and sex-standardized Parkinson disease incidence was compared between counties with high cumulative industrial release of copper, manganese, or lead (as reported to the Environmental Protection Agency) and counties with no/low reported release of all 3 metals. Parkinson disease incidence (per 100,000) in counties with no/low copper/lead/manganese release was 274.0 (95% confidence interval (CI): 226.8, 353.5). Incidence was greater in counties with high manganese release: 489.4 (95% CI: 368.3, 689.5) (relative risk ¼ 1.78, 95% CI: 1.54, 2.07) and counties with high copper release: 304.2 (95% CI: 276.0, 336.8) (relative risk ¼ 1.1, 95% CI: 0.94, 1.31). Urban Parkinson disease incidence is greater in counties with high reported industrial release of copper or manganese. Environmental exposure to metals may be a risk factor for Parkinson disease in urban areas.

Estimation of particulate mass and manganese exposure levels among welders

Background: Welders are frequently exposed to manganese (Mn), which may increase the risk of neurological impairment. Historical exposure estimates for welding-exposed workers are needed for epidemiologic studies evaluating the relationship between welding and neurologic or other health outcomes. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a multivariate model to estimate quantitative levels of welding fume exposures based on welding particulate mass and Mn concentrations reported in the published literature. Methods: Articles that described welding particulate and Mn exposures during field welding activities were identified through a comprehensive literature search. Summary measures of exposure and related determinants such as year of sampling, welding process performed, type of ventilation used, degree of enclosure, base metal, and location of sampling filter were extracted from each article. The natural log of the reported arithmetic mean exposure level was used as the dependent variable in model building, while the independent variables included the exposure determinants. Cross-validation was performed to aid in model selection and to evaluate the generalizability of the models. Results: A total of 33 particulate and 27 Mn means were included in the regression analysis. The final model explained 76% of the variability in the mean exposures and included welding process and degree of enclosure as predictors. There was very little change in the explained variability and root mean squared error between the final model and its cross- validation model indicating the final model is robust given the available data. Conclusion: This model may be improved with more detailed exposure determinants; however, the relatively large amount of variance explained by the final model along with the positive generalizability results of the cross-validation increases the confidence that the estimates derived from this model can be used for estimating welder exposures in absence of individual measurement data.

Selected Publications

1. Black KJ, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS: Preventing contractures in NMS/dystonia. Am J Psychiatry 1998;155(9):1298-1299.

2. Racette B, Lauryssen C, and Perlmutter J. Botulinum toxin for cervical dystonia prior to cervical fusion. J. Neurosurgery 1998; 88(2): 328-330.

3. Parsian A, Racette B, Zhang AH, Rundle M, Goate AM, Perlmutter JS. Mutation, sequence analysis and association studies of -synuclein in familial and sporadic Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1998: 51: 1757-1759.

4. Racette BA and Perlmutter JS. Levodopa Responsive Parkinsonism in an Adult with Huntington's disease. J Neur Neurosurg Psychiatry 1998; 65: 577-579.

5. Racette BA, Rundle M, Parsian A, Perlmutter JS. Evaluation of a Screening Questionnaire for Genetic Linkage Studies of Parkinson's Disease. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric section) 1999;88:539-543.

6. Racette B, Gokden M, Tychsen L, Perlmutter J. Convergence insufficiency in idiopathic Parkinson's disease responsive to levodopa. Strabismus. 1999;7:3,169-174.

7. Racette BA, McGee-Minnich L, Perlmutter JS. Efficacy and safety of a new bulk toxin of botulinum toxin in cervical dystonia: a blinded evaluation. Clinical Neuropharmacology.1999;22:6,337-339.

8. Revilla FJ, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS. Chorea and Jaw Opening Dystonia as a Manifestation of NeuroBehcet's Syndrome. Movement Disorders. Movement Disorders 2000;l15(4):740-744.

9. Racette BA, McGee-Minnich L, Moerlein SM, Mink JW, Perlmuter JS. Welding Related Parkinsonism: Clinical features, Treatment, and Pathophysiology. Neurology 2001;56:8-13.

10. Racette BA, Dowling J, Randle J, Mink JW. Thalamic Stimulation for Primary Writing Tremor. J Neurol 2001;248:380-382.

11. Racette BA, Rich KM, Randle J, Mink JW. Ipsilateral Thalamic Stimulation After Thalamotomy For Essential Tremor. Stereo Neurosurg 2000;75:155-159.

12. Racette BA, Perry A, D'Avossa G, Perlmutter JS. Late Onset Hallervorden-Spatz Syndrome: Expanding the Clinical Spectrum. Movement Disorders 2001; 16(6):1148-1152.

13. Racette BA, Hartlein J, Mink JW, Perlmutter JS. PD Related Mood Fluctuations: Clinical features and Co-morbidities. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;14(4):438-442.

14. Racette BA, Rundle M, Wang JC, Goate A. Saccone NL, Farrer M, Lincoln S, Hussey J, Lin J, Suarez B, Parsian A, Perlmutter JS. A Multi-incident, Old-Order Amish family with PD. Neurology 2002; 58: 568-574.

15. Parsian A, Racette B, Goldsmith LJ, Perlmutter JS. Parkinson's disease and apolipoprotein E: Possible association with dementia but not age of onset. Genomics. 2002;79(3):458_61.

16. Racette BA, Stambuk M, Perlmutter JS. Secondary Non-responsiveness to New Bulk Botulinum Toxin A (BCB2024). Movement Disorders 2002;17(5)1098-1100.

17. Racette BA, Lopate G, Good L, Sagitto S, Perlmutter JS. Ptosis as a remote effect of therapeutic botulinum toxin B injection. Neurology 2002;59,1445-1447.

18. Racette BA, Good L, Sagitto S, Perlmutter JS. Botulinum toxin B reduces sialorrhea in parkinsonism. Mov Disord 2003;18(9):1059-61.

19. Parsian A, Racette B, Zhang ZH, Rundle MR, Perlmutter JS. Association studies of Parkinson's disease subgroups and monoamine oxidases A and B. Genomics 2004; 83(3):454-60.

20. Hou C, Schlaggar, BS, Racette BA. Dystonia due to ring chromosome 21. Mov Disorders Mov Disord. 2003;18(12):1547-9.

21. Parsian, AP, Sinha R, Racette BA, Zhao, JH, Perlmutter, JS. Association of a variation in the promoter region of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene with familial Parkinson's disease. Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 2004 Jun;10(4):213:9.

22. Karamohamed S, DeStefano AL, Wilk JB, Shoemaker CM, Golbe LI, Mark MH,. Lazzarini AM, Suchowersky O, Labelle N, Guttman M, Currie LJ, GF, Stacy M, Saint_Hilaire M, Feldman RG, Sullivan KM, Xu G, Watts R, Growdon J, Lew M, Waters C, Vieregge P, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Singer C, Montgomery E, Baker K, Gusella JF, Fink SJ, Myers RH, Herbert A. A haplotype at the PARK3 locus influences onset age for Parkinson's disease: The GenePD study. Neurology 2003;61:1557.

23. Racette BA, Esper GJ, Antenor J, Black K, Burkey A, Moerlein SM, Videen TO, Kotagal V, Ojemann J, Perlmutter JS. Pathophysiology of Parkinsonism due to Hydrocephalus. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75(11):1617-1619.

24. Pastor P, Ezquerra M., Perez JC., Chakraverty S., Norton J., Racette B, Perlmutter JS, McKeel D, Tolosa E., Goate AM. Novel haplotypes in 17q21 are associated with progressive supranuclear palsy. Ann. Neurol 2004;56(2):249-258.

25. Racette BA, Antenor, J, McGee-Minnich, L, Moerlein, SM, Videen TO, Kotagal V, Perlmutter JS.[18F]FDOPA PET and clinical features in parkinsonism due to manganism. Movement Disorders 2005;20(4):492-496.

26. Smith JL, Ju JS, Saha BM, Racette BA, Fisher JS. Levodopa with Carbidopa Diminishes Glycogen Concentration, Glycogen Synthase Activity, and insulin-stimulated glucose transport in rat skeletal muscle. J Appl Physiol 2004;97(6):2339-2346.

27. Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Jennings D, Good LM, Perlmutter JS, Evanoff BA.. Prevalence of Parkinsonism and relationship to exposure in a Large Sample of Alabama Welders. Neurology 2005;64:230-235.

28. Sinha R, Racette B, Perlmutter, JS, Parsian A. Prevalence of parkin gene mutations and variations in IPD. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2005;11(6):341-347.

29. Karamohamed S, DeStefano AL, Wilk JB, Shoemaker CM, Golbe LI, Mark MH,. Lazzarini AM, Suchowersky O, Labelle N, Guttman M, Currie LJ, GF, Stacy M, Saint_Hilaire M, Feldman RG, Sullivan KM, Xu G, Watts R, Growdon J, Lew M, Waters C, Vieregge P, Pramstaller PP, Klein C, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Singer C, Montgomery E, Baker K, Gusella JF, Fink SJ, Myers RH, Herbert A. Absence of previously reported variants in the SCNA (G88C and G209A), NR4A2 (T291D and T245G) and the DJ-1 (T497C) genes in familial Parkinson's disease from the GenePD study. Movement Disorders 2005;20(9):1188-1191.

30. Karamohamed S, Latourelle JC, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Wooten GF, Lew MF, Klein C, Shill H, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Guttman M, Nicholson G, Wilk JB, Saint-Hilaire MH, DeStefano AL, Prakash R, Williamson S, Tobin J, Suchowersky O, Labelle N, Growdon JH, Singer C, Watts RL, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Baker KB, Giroux ML, Pramstaller PP, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Sherman S, Vieregge P, Litvan I, Gusella JF, Myers RH, Parsian A. BDNF genetic variants are associated with onset-age of familial Parkinson's disease: GenePD study. Neurology 2005;65(11):1823-1825.

31. Sun M, Latourelle JC, Wooten GF, Lew MF, Klein C, Shill HA, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Guttman M, Nicholson G, Xu G, Wilk JB, Saint-Hilaire MH, DeStefano AL, Prakash R, Williamson S, Suchowersky O, Labelle N, Growdon JH, Singer C, Watts RL, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Baker KB, Pramstaller PP, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Sherman S, Vieregge P, Litvan I, Gillis T, MacDonald ME, Myers RH, Gusella JF. Heterozygosity for Parkin Mutation Influences Onset Age in Familial Parkinson's Disease: The GenePD Study. Archives of Neurology 2006;63(6)826-32.

32. Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Jennings D, Good LM, Perlmutter JS, Evanoff BA. A Rapid Method for Mass Screening for Parkinsonism. Neurotoxicology 2006 May;27(3):357-61.

33. Racette BA, Good LM, Antenor, J, McGee-Minnich, L, Moerlein, SM, Videen TO, Perlmutter JS. [18F]FDOPA PET as an Endophenotype for PD Linkage. American Journal of Medical Genetics (Neuropsychiatric section) 141(3):245-9.

34. Weiss EM, Hershey T, Karimi M, Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Mink JW, Perlmutter JS. Relative Risk of Spread of Symptoms among the Focal Onset Primary Dystonias. Movement Disorders 2006;21(8):1175-81.

35. Racette BA, Bradley A, Wrisberg CA, Perlmutter JS. The Impact of Litigation on Neurologic Research. Neurology 2006;67(12):2124-8.

36. Criswell SE, Crowner BE, Racette BA. The Use of Botulinum Toxin Therapy for Lower Extremity Spasticity in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Neurosurg Focus. 2006 Aug 15;21(2):e1.

37. Crowner B, Brunstrom J, Racette BA. Pediatric Botulism Due to Therapeutic Botulinum Toxin A Injections. Neuropharmacology 2007;30(5):310-313

38. Wilk JB, Tobin JE, Suchowersky O, Shill H, Klein C, Wooten GF, Lew M, Mark MH, Guttman M, Watts RL, Singer C, Growdon J, Latourelle JC, Saint-Hilaire M, DeStefano AL, Prakash R, Williamson S, Berg CJ, Sun M, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A, Baker K, Giroux ML, Litvan I, Pramstaller PP, Nicholson GA, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Vieregge P, Slevin JT, Cambi F, MacDonald ME, Gusella JF, Myers RH, Golbe LI. Herbicide exposure modifies GSTP1 haplotype association to Parkinson onset age: The GenePD Study. Neurology 67(12):2206-10.

39. Parsian AJ, Racette BA, Zhao JH, Sinha R, Patra B, Perlmutter JS, Parsian A. Association of alpha-synuclein gene haplotypes with Parkinson's disease.
Parkinsonism Relat Disord. 2007 13(6):343-7.

40. Willis AW, Crowner B, Brunstrom JE, Kissel A, Racette BA. High Dose Botulinum Toxin A for the Treatment of Lower Extremity Hypertonicity in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Developmental Med Child Neurology 2007;49:818-822.

41. Tobin JE, Latourelle JC, Lew MF, Klein C, Suchowersky O, Shill HA, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Watts R, Guttman M, Baker KB, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Singer C, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Laramie JM, DeStefano AL, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Sherman S, Al-hinti J, Drasby E, Nance M, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. Haplotypes and gene expression implicate the MAPT region for Parkinson disease: The GenePD Study. Neurology 2008 71(1):28-34.

42. Li Y, Grupe A, Rowland C, Holmans P, Segurado R, Abraham R, Jones L, Catanese J, Ross D, Mayo K, Martinez M, Hollingworth P, Goate A, Cairns NJ, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, O'Donovan MC, Morris JC, Brayne C, Rubinsztein DC, Lovestone S, Thal LJ, Owen MJ, Williams J. Evidence that common variation in NEDD9 is associated with susceptibility to late-onset Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. Hum Mol Genet 2008;17(5):759-67.

43. Crowner BE and Racette BA. A Prospective Study Examining Remote Effects of Botulinum Toxin A in Children with Cerebral Palsy. Pediatric Neurology 2008; 39(4):253-8.

44. DeStefano AL, Latourelle J, Lew MF, Suchowersky O, Klein C, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Watts R, Guttman M, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Marlor L, Shill HA, Singer C, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Gower A, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Huskey KW, Baker KB, Itin I, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Nance M, Drasby E, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Al-Hinti J, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Sherman SJ, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. Replication of association between ELAVL4 and Parkinson disease: the GenePD study. Hum Genet 2008;124(1):95-9.

45. Latourelle JC, Sun M, Lew MF, Suchowersky O, Klein C, Golbe LI, Mark MH, Growdon JH, Wooten GF, Watts RL, Guttman M, Racette BA, Perlmutter JS, Ahmed A, Shill HA, Singer C, Goldwurm S, Pezzoli G, Zini M, Saint-Hilaire MH, Hendricks AE, Williamson S, Nagle MW, Wilk JB, Massood T, Huskey KW, Laramie JM, DeStefano AL, Baker KB, Itin I, Litvan I, Nicholson G, Corbett A, Nance M, Drasby E, Isaacson S, Burn DJ, Chinnery PF, Pramstaller PP, Al-hinti J, Moller AT, Ostergaard K, Sherman SJ, Roxburgh R, Snow B, Slevin JT, Cambi F, Gusella JF, Myers RH. The Gly2019Ser mutation in LRRK2 is not fully penetrant in familial Parkinson's disease: the GenePD study. BMC Med 2008;65(12):1582-9.

46. Hobson AJ, Sterling DA, Emo B, Evanoff BA, Sterling CS, Good L, Seixas N, Checkoway H, Racette BA. Validity and Reliability of an Occupational Exposure Questionnaire for Parkinsonism in Welders. J Occup Environ Hyg 2009;6(6):324-331.

47. Xiao J, Bastian RW, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Karimi M, Paniello RC, Blitzer A, Batish SD, Wszolek ZJ, Uitti RJ, Hedera P, Simon DK, Tarsy D, Truong DD, Frei KP, Pfeiffer RF, Gong S, ZhaoY LeDoux MS. High-Throughput Mutational Analysis of TOR1A in Primary Dystonia. BMC Medical Genetics 2009;10:24.

48. Racette BA, Good LM, Kissel AM, Criswell SR, Perlmutter JS. A Population Based Study of Parkinsonism in an Amish Community. Neuroepidemiology 2009; 33(3):225-230.

49. Willis AW, Sterling C, Racette BA. Conjugal Parkinson Disease: A Case Series with Environmental Risk Factor Analysis. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010; 16(3):163-6.

50. Xiao J, Zhao Y, Bastian RW, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Karimi M, Paniello RC, Wszolek K, Uitti RJ, Van Gerpen JA, Simon DK, Tarsy D, Hedera P, Truong DD, Frei KP, Batish SD, Blitzer A, Pfeiffer RF, Gong S, LeDoux MS. Sequence Variants in Primary Dystonia. Neurology 2010;74(3):229-38.

51. Simón-Sánchez J, Schulte C, Bras JM, Sharma M, Gibbs JR, Berg D, Paisan-Ruiz C, Lichtner P, Scholz SW, Hernandez DG, Krüger R, Federoff M, Klein C, Goate A, Perlmutter J, Bonin M, Nalls MA, Illig T, Gieger C, Houlden H, Steffens M, Okun MS, Racette BA, Cookson MR, Foote KD, Fernandez HH, Traynor BJ, Schreiber S, Arepalli S, Zonozi R, Gwinn K, van der Brug M, Lopez G, Chanock SJ, Schatzkin A, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Gao J, Huang X, Wood NW, Lorenz D, Deuschl G, Chen H, Riess O, Hardy JA, Singleton AB, Gasser T. Genome-wide association study reveals genetic risk underlying Parkinson's disease. Nat Genet. 2009; 41(12):1308-12.

52. Willis AW, Evanoff BA, Lian M, Criswell SR, Racette BA. Geographical and Ethnic Variation in PD: A Population-Based Study of U.S. Medicare Beneficiaries. Neuroepidemiology 2010;34:143-151.

53. Criswell SR, Sterling C, Good L, Evanoff B, Racette BA. Sensitivity and Specificity of the Finger Tapping Task for the Detection of Psychogenic Movement Disorders Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2010;16(3):197-201.

54. Crowner BE, Torres-Russotto D, Carter AR, Racette BA. Botulism after Therapeutic Injections: A Case Series and Review of the Literature. Neuropharmacology, in press.

55. Hobson A, Seixas N, Sterling D, Racette BA. Estimation of particulate mass and manganese exposure levels among welders. Ann Occup Hyg, in press.

56. Willis AW, Evanoff, BA, Lian M, Wegrzyn A, Galarza A, Racette BA. Metal Emissions and Urban Incident Parkinson Disease: A Community Health Study of Medicare Beneficiaries Using Geographical Information Systems. Am J. Epi. In press.

57. Criswell SR, Perlmutter JS, Videen TO, Moerlein SM, Flores HP, Birke AM, Racette BA. Reduced Uptake of [18F]FDOPA PET in Asymptomatic Welders with Occupational Manganese Exposure. Neurology, in press.

58. Xiao J, Zhao Y, Bastian RW, Perlmutter JS, Racette BA, Tabbal SD, Karimi M, Paniello RC, Wszolek ZK, Uitti RJ, Van Gerpen JA, Simon DK, Tarsy D, Hedera P, Truong DD, Frei KP, Blitzer A, Tarsy D, RudziÅ≥ska M, Pfeiffer RF, Le C, LeDoux MS. The c.-237_236GA>TT THAP1 Sequence Variant Does Not Increase Risk for Primary Dystonia. Movement Disorders. In press.